Josephine Paterson Loretta Zderad
Josephine Paterson and Loretta Zderad are from the United States. They both earned first diplomas in nursing, then Bachelor's degrees in Nursing education before continuing to graduate programs. Their career as nursing academics got started in the 1950s, when they were both employed at Catholic University where they met. They continued to work together and remained friends for the next 40 years. They later continued onto their doctorate degrees in the 1960s.
Of her theories, Paterson noted that she experienced a restlessness related to feeling that "Teaching in nursing was an offering of multitudinous theories developed in and for other disciplines using nursing examples" (Paterson & Zderad, p. 96). She believed that this resulted in a fragmented, poorly unified understanding of nursing.
While pursuing their doctorate degrees, they found that they had difficulty communicating their experiential view of nursing, and wanted to do so through a positivistic, scientific nursing theory approach. With this goal in mind, they began cmbining their knowledge of nursing and nursing theory with existential and phenomenological philosophies that they were both interested in. Through this addition of phenomenological philosophy applied to nursing, they believed they believed they could articulate their process and personal theories of nursing
Through this process, they began to define and reflect on their nursing practice experience, and synthesize a new theory: Humanistic Nursing Theory. By 1971, they had begun to define their theory and what it was that made it unique as an approach to nursing. They then began to research other nurse's experience, and used their theory as a perspective and method for nurses to examine their experiences. Through this, their goal was to develop it into theoretical propositions, which could serve as guides for nursing practitioners.
Now with an established theory, Paterson and Zderad spread knowledge of their theory through courses that they held around the United States. As they taught these courses, they spoke with other nurses about their experiences. From it, they came to describe eleven essences: "awareness, openness, empathy, caring, touching, understanding, responsibility, trust, acceptance, self-recognition, and dialogue" They believe that these eleven essences are common beliefs and values of nurses, based on their dialogues with nurses from across the country. As such, they also describe the 11 essences as underlying elements, and capable of withstanding variations due to culture, geography, scope of practice, and other variable factors that exist in nursing.
They are both happily retired since 1985.
References:
http://www.humanistic-nursing.com/faq.htm
http://www.nurses.info/nursing_theory_person_paterson_zderad.htm
Of her theories, Paterson noted that she experienced a restlessness related to feeling that "Teaching in nursing was an offering of multitudinous theories developed in and for other disciplines using nursing examples" (Paterson & Zderad, p. 96). She believed that this resulted in a fragmented, poorly unified understanding of nursing.
While pursuing their doctorate degrees, they found that they had difficulty communicating their experiential view of nursing, and wanted to do so through a positivistic, scientific nursing theory approach. With this goal in mind, they began cmbining their knowledge of nursing and nursing theory with existential and phenomenological philosophies that they were both interested in. Through this addition of phenomenological philosophy applied to nursing, they believed they believed they could articulate their process and personal theories of nursing
Through this process, they began to define and reflect on their nursing practice experience, and synthesize a new theory: Humanistic Nursing Theory. By 1971, they had begun to define their theory and what it was that made it unique as an approach to nursing. They then began to research other nurse's experience, and used their theory as a perspective and method for nurses to examine their experiences. Through this, their goal was to develop it into theoretical propositions, which could serve as guides for nursing practitioners.
Now with an established theory, Paterson and Zderad spread knowledge of their theory through courses that they held around the United States. As they taught these courses, they spoke with other nurses about their experiences. From it, they came to describe eleven essences: "awareness, openness, empathy, caring, touching, understanding, responsibility, trust, acceptance, self-recognition, and dialogue" They believe that these eleven essences are common beliefs and values of nurses, based on their dialogues with nurses from across the country. As such, they also describe the 11 essences as underlying elements, and capable of withstanding variations due to culture, geography, scope of practice, and other variable factors that exist in nursing.
They are both happily retired since 1985.
References:
http://www.humanistic-nursing.com/faq.htm
http://www.nurses.info/nursing_theory_person_paterson_zderad.htm